Bach’s Violin Concerto No. 2 in E Major, BWV 1042 (composed around 1717–1723), is a quintessential Baroque work showcasing the violin soloist against a string orchestra with continuo. It follows the standard three-movement structure:Allegro: Opens with a lively ritornello theme in E major, featuring energetic rhythms and interplay between solo violin and ensemble. The soloist explores virtuosic passages, modulations, and echoes of the main theme.
Adagio: A lyrical, introspective movement in C-sharp minor, built on a ground bass (ostinato) pattern. The violin weaves expressive, ornamented melodies over the repeating bass, creating a poignant, song-like atmosphere.
Allegro assai: A spirited finale in 3/8 time, resembling a dance with fugal elements. The ritornello returns with rapid scalar runs and joyful exchanges, culminating in a triumphant close.

This concerto highlights Bach’s mastery of counterpoint, thematic development, and violin technique, often performed for its balance of brilliance and emotional depth.