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Introduction

Canada’s provincial and national parks are cherished public assets, symbolizing the nation’s commitment to preserving its natural heritage and fostering a shared sense of identity among its citizens. These spaces, funded by taxpayers and managed for the public good, serve as venues for recreation, education, and connection with the natural environment. However, in 2025, temporary closures of prominent British Columbia (BC) parks, such as Joffre Lakes Provincial Park and Botanical Beach in Juan de Fuca Park, have ignited significant controversy. These closures, primarily initiated by First Nations to facilitate cultural practices, environmental recovery, and reconciliation efforts, restrict access predominantly to non-Indigenous visitors. While the objectives of these closures—cultural preservation, environmental protection, and reconciliation—are undeniably important, this essay argues that restricting park access based on group identity is a divisive practice that does not benefit all Canadians. Canada’s parks are intended for all citizens, not solely for particular groups. By presenting the strongest arguments in favor of these closures and subsequently refuting them, this essay advocates for supererogatory and unifying policies that respect Indigenous rights while ensuring equitable access for all Canadians.

Steel Manning the Case for Park Closures

The rationale for the temporary closures of BC parks is grounded in compelling cultural, environmental, and reconciliatory imperatives. First, these closures enable First Nations to exercise their constitutionally protected rights to reconnect with their traditional territories through cultural and spiritual practices. For instance, at Joffre Lakes Park, the Lil’wat and N’Quatqua First Nations have established “Reconnection Periods” to engage in activities such as hunting, fishing, harvesting medicines, and spiritual ceremonies, which require privacy and exclusivity (CityNews). Second, the closures address significant environmental degradation caused by a surge in park visitors. Joffre Lakes experienced a 222% increase in annual visitors from 2010 to 2019, reaching nearly 200,000, resulting in trampled vegetation, litter, and trail congestion (The Narwhal). Temporary restrictions allow the land to recover, ensuring its sustainability for future generations. Third, these closures align with broader reconciliation efforts under the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (DRIPA), recognizing historical injustices and supporting Indigenous stewardship of their ancestral lands (BC Gov News). Collectively, these arguments present a robust case for the closures, emphasizing legal obligations, ecological necessity, and moral imperatives.

Refuting the Case for Closures

Despite the strength of these arguments, the approach of restricting park access based on group identity is fundamentally flawed and divisive. Canada’s parks are public spaces, established and maintained for the benefit of all citizens, regardless of background. Restricting access to non-Indigenous visitors creates a perception of inequality, where certain groups are prioritized over others, fostering resentment and undermining social cohesion. The closure of Joffre Lakes for over 100 days in 2025, including peak seasons, denies many Canadians the opportunity to experience this iconic destination, impacting not only individual enjoyment but also local economies reliant on tourism (CityNews). Critics argue that such policies set a troubling precedent, potentially allowing widespread restrictions across BC’s public lands, given that most of the province is claimed by Indigenous groups (National Post). Moreover, the environmental rationale, while valid, can be addressed through less exclusionary measures. For instance, implementing visitor quotas, reservation systems, or enhanced trail management could mitigate ecological impacts without barring non-Indigenous visitors entirely. Similarly, cultural practices could be accommodated by designating specific areas or times for exclusive use, rather than closing entire parks. These alternatives would achieve the same objectives—cultural preservation and environmental protection—while upholding the principle that parks are for all Canadians.

Advocating for Supererogatory and Unifying Policies

Rather than resorting to divisive measures, Canada should pursue supererogatory and unifying policies that go beyond legal obligations to promote inclusivity and national unity. Supererogatory policies, which exceed minimum requirements to promote goodwill, can bridge divides and create a shared sense of stewardship over public spaces. For example, parks could establish collaborative management frameworks involving both Indigenous and non-Indigenous stakeholders to ensure that cultural, environmental, and public access needs are balanced. Such models have been successfully implemented in other contexts, such as co-management agreements in national parks (Parks Canada). Additionally, parks could designate specific zones or time periods for cultural activities, allowing First Nations to practice their traditions without excluding others. Educational programs could also be introduced to inform visitors about Indigenous heritage, fostering mutual respect and understanding. These approaches would not only respect Indigenous rights but also reinforce the idea that Canada’s parks are a shared heritage, accessible to all citizens. By prioritizing inclusivity, such policies would strengthen social cohesion and mitigate the tensions exacerbated by exclusionary closures.

Addressing Broader Implications

The controversy surrounding BC park closures reflects broader challenges in balancing Indigenous rights with public access in a diverse nation. Critics of the closures, such as those cited in the National Post, argue that decisions made by small Indigenous governments without a democratic relationship to the broader population undermine public interest (National Post). This perception is amplified by public backlash, with some labeling the closures as “apartheid, Canadian-style” on platforms like X (Daily Mail). While such rhetoric is inflammatory, it underscores the need for transparent and inclusive decision-making processes. Conversely, supporters emphasize that these closures are a necessary step toward reconciliation, given the historical dispossession of Indigenous lands (The Narwhal). To navigate these tensions, Canada must adopt policies that acknowledge both the unique rights of Indigenous peoples and the collective rights of all citizens to access public spaces. Failure to do so risks deepening divisions and eroding the unifying potential of Canada’s parks.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while the temporary closures of BC parks like Joffre Lakes and Botanical Beach are driven by important cultural, environmental, and reconciliatory goals, their exclusionary nature is divisive and does not serve the best interests of all Canadians. Canada’s parks are public assets, intended to unite citizens through shared access to natural beauty and heritage. By restricting access based on group identity, these closures create inequality and foster resentment, undermining national unity. Instead, Canada should embrace supererogatory and inclusive policies that respect Indigenous rights while ensuring equitable access for all. Collaborative management, designated cultural zones, and enhanced visitor management offer viable alternatives that balance competing interests without exclusion. By prioritizing unity and inclusivity, Canada can uphold its commitment to both reconciliation and the principle that its parks are for every citizen.

Key Details of Park Closures

References

• CityNews. (2025). Joffre Lakes Park to close again for First Nations reconnection. Retrieved from https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2025/05/26/joffre-lakes-closures-to-continue/
• The Narwhal. (2025). Why are First Nations closing B.C. parks? Retrieved from https://thenarwhal.ca/bc-parks-first-nations-closures-racism/
• National Post. (2025). Non-Indigenous visitors being turned away from B.C. public parks. Retrieved from https://nationalpost.com/opinion/non-indigenous-visitors-being-turned-away-from-b-c-public-parks
• National Post. (2025). Closures of B.C. parks to non-Indigenous visitors a sign of what’s to come. Retrieved from https://nationalpost.com/opinion/closures-of-b-c-parks-to-non-indigenous-visitors-a-sign-of-things-to-come
• @NVanCaroline. (2025). X Post on Joffre Lakes closures. Retrieved from https://x.com/NVanCaroline/status/1926677179217089001
• BC Gov News. (2025). B.C. supports land stewardship at Pipi7íyekw/Joffre Lakes Park. Retrieved from https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2025ENV0016-000364
• Daily Mail. (2025). Canada blocking millions from parks over ‘apartheid’ scheme. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-14757639/outrage-canada-beauty-spots-closed-natives-reconnect-land.html
• Parks Canada. (n.d.). Official website. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada.html