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A recent review by the Department of Health and Human Services explores the evidence and best practices for treating pediatric gender dysphoria, a condition where children and teens experience distress related to their sex or its social expectations. As more young people identify as transgender or nonbinary, the U.S. has widely adopted the “gender-affirming” care model, which includes social affirmation, puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries. However, this approach is under scrutiny internationally due to its experimental nature and potential risks, prompting this review to clarify the evidence for policymakers, clinicians, and families.
Background: Rising Diagnoses, Diverging Approaches
The review highlights a sharp increase in gender dysphoria diagnoses among youth, with the U.S. favoring a “gender-affirming” model that prioritizes medical interventions. This approach, originally developed for adults with poor outcomes, was extended to minors before robust outcome data emerged. Internationally, there’s no consensus—some countries, like the UK, have restricted puberty blockers and hormones for minors, citing insufficient evidence of safety and efficacy, and now emphasize psychosocial support instead.
Evidence Review: Weak Benefits, Known Risks
An “umbrella review” of systematic reviews found that evidence supporting the benefits of medical treatments—like improved psychological outcomes or quality of life—is of very low quality, suggesting reported benefits may not hold up. Evidence on harms is limited, partly due to short follow-ups and poor tracking, but established risks include infertility, sexual dysfunction, bone density issues, cognitive effects, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, psychiatric conditions, surgical complications, and regret. This gap between uncertain benefits and clearer risks calls for caution.
Clinical Realities: Guidelines and Practice Under Fire
Influential U.S. guidelines from WPATH and the Endocrine Society lack rigor, with WPATH accused of suppressing systematic reviews and loosening standards under political pressure. Many U.S. gender clinics bypass even these permissive guidelines, often limiting mental health assessments to brief sessions. Whistleblowers and detransitioners report serious risks and harms, but their concerns are frequently ignored, revealing a disconnect between practice and evidence-based care.
Ethics and Alternatives: Caution and Psychotherapy
Ethically, while patients can refuse treatments, they aren’t entitled to unproven ones, and clinicians should avoid interventions with disproportionate risks. The review finds no evidence that medical transition reduces suicide rates, which are low and tied more to comorbidities than gender dysphoria itself. Psychotherapy emerges as a noninvasive option, with systematic reviews showing no adverse effects, yet it’s understudied due to misconceptions. The review urges more research and a careful approach to pediatric care.
TL:DR – The column on the left is activist dogma that has been pushed into the medical system. The column on the right is what proper evidence based care looks like.

There is going to be an accountability crisis in our institutions. They have knowingly and actively participated in medical practices (Gender Affirming Care) that have little to no evidence of their efficacy and plenty of evidence of their harm.
The lawsuits are just around the corner as children are still being surgically mutilated and sterilized for life by medical professionals who decided to throw the notion of “do no harm” and “evidence based medicine” out the window in favour of dogmatic fact free ideologies (transgender ideology).
Tildeb is a frequent loquacious commenter here on DWR, but in this comment he really puts a fine point on what is about to happen in so many of our institutions here in Canada. I recommend you check out his work over at Questionable Motives. Tildeb writes:
“Now we get to find out who is actually ethical – and able to change their much ballyhooed ‘just-be-kind’ opinions and beliefs based on best evidence and facts to align with reality – and who is not. Let’s see who the ideologues really are, the modern day snake oil conmen.
We get to see the naked truth about those who remain dedicated to a lie: they are not concerned with what’s true nor are they able to use reality to judge their beliefs. They do so for some other reason… and they leave a trail of victims in their wake… a small price, apparently, to pay for them to feel oh-so-good about themselves.We get to see who is promoting even more deceit in order to maintain this incredibly selfish need to feel good about themselves over and above the basic health of children.
Children!
Now we get to see which of these ‘champions of social justice’ who have claimed they ‘support the science’ step up and actually do so by rejecting the lies of gender ideology. And we will see who is rejecting the science when reality is unable to align with what turns out to be a faith-based belief narrative about gender ideology with its harsh and condemning judgement of it, that implementing this ideology on vulnerable children – supported from the classrooms of the nation to our ‘best’ legal minds – is both scientifically incoherent/unjustifiable and medically cruel.
And we shall see why those who insist that they are concerned about the welfare and mental health of vulnerable children are not the ones acting against these kids’ best interests in the name of this pernicious pseudoscience but those who have been so widely condemned as ‘transphobes’ for their criticism of it.
Truth will win out in the end because reality is not a personal opinion or cherished belief. It is not altered by magical words, by playing linguistic games. It is there waiting to arbitrate our beliefs about it. The method to do so is called ‘science’ and it is uncompromising. And that’s why more of us need to support seeking what’s true and be humble enough to go along with its judgement about our beliefs rather than giving in and giving up to activists promoting this most recent example of hysterical popular delusions in the name of something else.”
Powerful stuff. Thank you Tildeb for your words.
Reproduced in full – Find the original here.
“A common claim by Americans who oppose state restrictions on “gender-affirming care” is that Sweden, Finland, and the U.K. have not done away with hormonal interventions—and therefore that Republican lawmakers who seek such restrictions are going beyond Europe, and presumably against what European health authorities recommend. Jack Turban, a prominent voice in the affirmative-medicine movement and a notorious source of misinformation on this issue, has said that “not a single country” in Europe “has banned gender-affirming care for trans youth.” The claim is true in a narrow and technical sense, but highly misleading.
In the past few years, European health authorities conducted systematic reviews of evidence for the benefits and risks of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones. The findings from these reviews—that the certainty of benefits is very low—guided the hand of policymakers there to restrict access to hormones. Currently, minors in these countries can access puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones only if they meet strict eligibility requirements as set out in the Dutch protocol and only in the context of a tightly controlled research setting.
As I’ve explained in pastwritings, the research from the Dutch clinics is championed even by American proponents of “affirmative” medicine as the gold standard in pediatric gender medicine. These advocates either don’t know or are deliberately misleading the public about the discrepancy between the Dutch protocol and what is actually happening in American clinics. The American approach effectively puts distressed teenagers in the driver’s seat of making risky and irreversible medical decisions. It assumes that “gender identity” is innate and immutable, that some kids are just born “trans” and can know this from as young as toddlerhood. It also uses the “minority stress” model to explain away co-occurring mental-health problems, which appear in roughly three-quarters of patients presenting at pediatric gender clinics.
In effect, once a child declares that he is trans, the role of doctors is to “affirm” that declaration medically. Parents are to consent to treatments or get out of the way. Mental-health professionals are there only to help the child cope with the stress that comes from being in a minority, since, as Turban puts it, “most of society is awful.”
One source of confusion, therefore, concerns what, exactly, white-gowned activists like Turban mean when they say “gender-affirming care.” As Hilary Cass noted in her report to the U.K.’s National Health Service, the American affirmative model removes the main guardrails put in place by the Dutch protocol, resulting in a lack of medical “safeguarding.” At least in its official policy, Europe is decidedly not practicing what Turban considers “gender-affirming care.”
To be sure, the problems with the American affirmative model should not conceal the fact that the Dutch study itself rests on a very shaky empirical foundation. The study’s flaws were discussed at length in a recent peer-reviewed article, but two in particular should be mentioned before considering the European systematic reviews.
First, the Dutch study’s lead author, Annelou de Vries, has admitted that “resolution of gender dysphoria” was its “main finding.” But this finding was based on a highly questionable use of the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale—a measure originally developed for diagnostic purposes, not to assess treatment outcomes. The scale is sex-specific, which means that biological males and biological females are given different versions of it. Among other differences, the female version includes questions on menstruation while the male version includes questions about erections. In their follow-up assessments, the Dutch team gave boys who had undergone hormonal treatments the girls’ scale and girls who had undergone hormonal treatments the boys’ scale. Thus, biological males were asked whether experiencing menstruation caused them distress. Since even boys who “transition” do not get periods, those who answered the questionnaire reported a low level of distress. In other words, the plummeting scores in gender dysphoria that the Dutch team reported as their “main finding” was not necessarily due to actually resolved dysphoria, but more likely to switching the scales.
Second, replication is a bedrock of scientific analysis, yet the only attempt to date to replicate the Dutch study, conducted in the U.K., failed. Preliminary results from the study, which began in 2010, were reported as very unimpressive, with adolescents after one year of puberty suppression showing an “increase in internalising problems and body dissatisfaction, especially natal girls.” Moreover, the cohort that received puberty blockers showed no statistically significant difference from the cohort that received only psychotherapy. As Michael Biggs has pointed out, the full picture of the study’s findings became public only after a prolonged campaign to force the researchers to publish their findings.
Contrary to what American activists imply, the systematic reviews of evidence in Sweden, Finland, and the U.K. did not find that the Dutch study, on which the Dutch protocol is based, constitutes high-quality evidence. One of the core questions in the systematic review by the U.K.’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) was this: “In children and adolescents with gender dysphoria, what is the clinical effectiveness of treatment with GnRH analogues [puberty blockers] compared with one or a combination of psychological support, social transitioning to the desired gender or no intervention?” Using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) system, NICE assessed the Dutch study for seven reported metrics of mental health impact: gender dysphoria, depression, anger, anxiety, body image, global functioning, and psychosocial functioning.
It found that evidence for benefits across all seven measures was of “very low” certainty. NICE’s conclusion about all the studies on puberty blockers, including the Dutch, was unequivocal: “Studies that found differences in outcomes could represent changes that are either of questionable clinical value, or the studies themselves are not reliable and changes could be due to confounding, bias or chance.” NICE conducted a separate systematic review for cross-sex hormones (which the Dutch study did not independently cover) and found that “[a]ll the studies . . . are uncontrolled observational studies, which are subject to bias and confounding and were of very low certainty using modified GRADE. A fundamental limitation of all the uncontrolled studies included in this review is that any changes in scores from baseline to follow-up could be attributed to a regression-to-the mean” (because patients tend to report for care at the peak of their distress).
The systematic reviews by Sweden’s Committee for Medical and Social Evaluation (SBU), meantime, likewise found that the evidence for the mental-health benefits of hormones, including from the Dutch study, was very uncertain, because of the “moderate to high risk of bias” in these studies. The studies exhibit numerous methodological shortcomings, including confounding factors, lack of control groups, and high rates of attrition. “The identified scientific basis regarding hormone treatment of children and adolescents with gender dysphoria,” SBU concludes, “is limited and it is not possible to draw any conclusions with moderate or high reliability. For most outcomes examined in this report, the evidence is insufficient and conclusions cannot be drawn.” SBU also reported “low confidence” in the assessed health risks of hormonal interventions in minors. In essence, Sweden recognizes this as a medical experiment with no high-quality, reliable data on long-term benefits or risks.
The results from the evidence review in Finland are harder to interpret because most of the studies evaluated involved adults, and the review did not rate the quality and reliability of the studies. In other words, the review did not try to assess the degree to which even the positive findings in the Dutch study were causally related to the hormonal treatments. Nevertheless, on the basis of this review, and a study published by Finnish gender clinicians shortly thereafter finding that “medical gender reassignment is not enough to improve functioning and relieve psychiatric comorbidities,” the country’s Council for Choices in Health Care (COHERE) issued new recommendations in 2020. Even for patients whose gender issues appeared first in childhood and intensified in adolescence (a pathway that is required for hormonal eligibility under the Dutch protocol but optional under the American-affirmative one), COHERE recommends that “the first-line treatment for gender dysphoria is psychosocial support and, as necessary, psychotherapy and treatment of possible comorbid psychiatric disorders.” In the same document, COHERE emphasizes that “gender reassignment of minors is an experimental practice.” This includes minors transitioned under the Dutch protocol.
Yes, Sweden, Finland, and the U.K. still allow a tiny subset of minors with gender issues access to puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones. But they are doing so under tight restrictions and against the findings of their own systematic reviews—or, as in the case of Finland, in full recognition that this constitutes medical experimentation on minors.
A good case can be made that Republicans who seek to ban these interventions entirely are being more faithful to the findings of the European evidence reviews. The real debate between red states in the U.S. and European health authorities is not about whether there is good evidence for pediatric gender transition. There isn’t. Rather, the debate is about whether children as young as eight with a strong desire for “gender affirming” drugs have the ability to understand fully and give informed consent to the long-term consequences of these interventions—and even if they can, whether this justifies enlisting them in an uncontrolled medical experiment.”





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